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RUNES – (Runen in German) are letter characters which have been used
by Germanic tribes for more than a thousand years. They have mainly
been carved into wood, stone, ivory or bone, and were not applied
like a handwriting as understood in the modern sense.
This explains very obviously the lack of any round
letters like the vowels o or a.
According to a widely accepted research result, the Runes
developed in areas of Northern Italy, then inhabited by the
Etruscans. Here we speak about the times of approximately 300-200
BC, i.e. when Latin was the main form of writing for communication
as well as inscription purposes throughout the Roman Empire.
Due to contact with the people of Northern Italy the Runes
were slowly adopted by Germanic tribes of central and more
particularly northern Europe, namely the areas of modern Norway,
Sweden and Denmark, as well as the British Isles. Soon, the tribes
started moving for about two hundred years between approx. 400 and
600 AD – later called the periods of the great migrations across
Europe – Völkerwanderungen. These movements were triggered
off by the Huns, who left their eastern European lands swarming in
wild hordes towards the west, invading successfully the East Gothic
Kingdom. (Remember: “Drei Sieben fünf – machten sich die Hunnen auf
die Strümpf“ a school verse to memorise the date of invasion by the
Huns in 375 AD).
Whether the people of the time wanted to leave lasting
inscriptions in stone or other materials telling their descendants
about their fate and tribulations, or whether they simply wanted to
bequeath their achievements to immortalisation is not known. It
might as well be that both might have been the case. It can safely
be assumed that they hardly used the runic alphabet for “letters of
communication”, but they were very eager in keeping records and
narrating their stories, as thousands of stones with inscriptions
are found in Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Every single ode must
have taken a considerable time to be carved into the material.
Usually historical facts were the subject, including their
relationship and prayers to the Germanic pagan Gods, who were mainly
connected with nature and believed to manifest themselves in the
elements. Many inscribed tomb-stones were found as well, narrating
the glory of the deceased.
Modern deciphering proved to be a laborious undertaking,
as the different tribes developed different sequences of the
letters, also having alphabets consisting of well under 20 up to
well over 30 individual characters, often with different meanings.
The use of the Runes dwindled and the most recent stones
have been dated to the 15th century - by then reduced to
mystical meanings only. Tribal hunting and nomad life was mostly
urbanised by then and the few and far between scribes had long since
adopted Latin characters. Some symbols are however found even in
modern times, for hidden political aims or with or possibly without
deeper knowledge as company logos.
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